Ibuprofen: Original Versus Green Synthesis
Keywords:
Ibuprofen, green synthesis, atom economy, environmentally friendly
Abstract
This paper makes a parallel between the original route versus the green route of Ibuprofen (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs most commonly recommended) synthesis. The original route contained six steps with stoichiometric reagents (some reagents are very toxic: hydrochloric acid, ammonia), a lot of intermediate products, relatively low atom efficiency equal to 40.04% and substantial inorganic salt formation (aluminium trichloride hydrate). The green route of Ibuprofen synthesis developed only three steps, a lower amount of waste and by-products (only acetic acid that can be used for another applications) and an atom efficiency of 77.44%. The green route for Ibuprofen synthesis is an exquisite example of a simple and elegant chemical/pharmaceutical manufacturing process and the nearly complete atom utilization of this streamlined process truly makes it a wasteminimizing, environmentally friendly technology.
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[9]. Lancaster M., Green Chemistry. An Introductory Text, Publisher the Royal Society of Chemistry Cambridge, U. K., ISBN 0-85404-620-8, 2002.
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[11]. Clark J., Macquarrie D., Handbook of Green Chemistry and Technology, Publisher Blackwell Science Ltd., ISBN 978-0-632-05715-3, 2002.
[12]. Dunn P. J., Wells A. S., Williams M. T., Green Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Publisher Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., Print ISBN:9783527324187, 2010.
[13]. Manahan S. E., Green Chemistry and the Ten Commandments of Sustainability, 3rd edition, Publisher: Chem Char Research Inc., 2010.
[14]. Doble M., Rollins K., Kumar A., Green Chemistry and Engineering, 1 st edition, Imprint Academic Press, eBook ISBN: 9780080524771, 2007.
[15]. Dicks A., Hent A., Green Chemistry Metrics: A Guide to Determining and Evaluating Process Greenness, Publisher: Springer, Springer Briefs in Green Chemistry for Sustainability, ISBN 3319105019, 2015.
[16]. Wardencki W., Curlo J., Namieoenik J., Green ChemistryCurrent and Future Issues, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 14, p. 389-395, 2005.
[17]. Evelo C. T., Spooren A. A., Bisschops R. A., Baars L. G., Neis J. M., Two mechanisms for toxic effects of hydroxylamines in human erythrocytes: involvement of free radicals and risk of potentiation, Blood Cells, Molecules and Diseases, vol. 3, p. 280-295, 1998.
[18]. Riemann H., On the Toxicity of Hydroxylamine, Acta pharmacologia, vol. 6, p. 285-292, 1950.
[19]. Hecnar S. O., Acute and chronic toxicity of ammonium nitrate fertilizer to amphibians from southern Ontario, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol. 14, p. 2131-2137, 1995.
[20]. Cann M. C., Connelly M. E., The BHC Company Synthesis of Ibuprofen, a Greener Synthesis of Ibuprofen Which Creates Less Waste and Fewer Byproducts, chapter from “Real World Cases in Green Chemistry”, p. 19-24, Publisher American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 2000.
[21]. Bond G. C., Webb G., Malonowski S., Marczewski M., Catalysis, Chapter 4: Catalysis by solid acids and bases, vol. 8, p. 107-156, Publisher Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, ISBN 978-0-85186-594-2, 1989.
[22]. Nishimura S., Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation for Organic Synthesis, 1st ed., Publisher New York: Wiley-Interscience, ISBN 978-0-471-39698-7, 2001.
[23]. Drahl C., Palladium's Hidden Talent, Chemical and Engineering News, vol. 86, p. 53-56, 2008.
Published
2018-09-15
How to Cite
1.
MUREŞAN AC. Ibuprofen: Original Versus Green Synthesis. The Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati. Fascicle IX, Metallurgy and Materials Science [Internet]. 15Sep.2018 [cited 3Dec.2024];41(3):30-4. Available from: https://gup.ugal.ro/ugaljournals/index.php/mms/article/view/1757
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