Studies on Epoxy Resin Modified with Organic Agents
Keywords:
epoxy resins, organic compounds, thermal properties
Abstract
Epoxy composites are one of the most versatile thermosetting polymers widely used due to their strong soldering resistance, high insulation, and thermal resistance. A wide range of raw materials can be used for the preparation of epoxy resins, thus offering a variety of resins with highly controllable performance characteristics. Essentially, epoxy resins are low molecular weight liquids with two or more epoxide functional groups. To get superior properties of the composite material, a broad variety of inorganic and organic modification agents are used. For this study, two protein substances, gelatin, and wheat gluten were used to change the basic properties of three types of epoxy resins. The specific heat of modified epoxy resin materials was performed by using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) instrument. The thermal analysis was developed on two heatingcooling cycles and the specific heat was evaluated for each segment of the cycle analysis. Also, the mechanical behavior of organic modified polymers subjected to compression was studied using INSTRON compressive testing machine.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
[1]. Sukanto H., Raharjo W. W., Ariawan D., Triyono J., Kaavesina M., Epoxy resins thermosetting for mechanical engineering, Open Engineering, 11(1), p. 797-814, doi:10.1515/eng-2021-0078, 2021.
[2]. Xiang Zhen, et al., Demethylation, phenolation, and depolymerization of lignin for the synthesis of lignin-based epoxy resin via a one-pot strategy, Industrial Crops and Products, 173, 14135, ISSN 0926-6690, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114135, 2021.
[3]. Al Rashid, A., Ahmed, W., Khalid, M. Y., Koç, M., Vat photopolymerization of polymers and polymer composites: Processes and applications, Additive Manufacturing, 47, 102279, doi: 10.1016/j.addma.2021.102279, 2021.
[4]. Lamp A., Kaltschmitt M., Dethloff J., Options to Improve the Mechanical Properties of Protein Based Materials, Molecules, 27, 446, https://doi.org/ 10.3390/molecules27020446, 2022.
[5]. Thammahiwes S., Riyajan S.-A., Kaewtatip K., Preparation and properties of wheat gluten based bioplastics with fish scale, Journal of Cereal Science, 75, p. 186-191, doi:10.1016/j.jcs.2017.04.003, 2017.
[6]. Ranganathan S., Balagangadharan K., Selvamurugan N., Chitosan and gelatin-based electrospun fibers for bone tissue engineering, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 133, p. 354-364, doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.115, 2019.
[7]. Liu Y., et al., Modification and Crosslinking of Gelatin-Based Biomaterials as Tissue Adhesives, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.10.077, 2018.
[8]. Rath G., Hussain T., Chauhan G., Garg T., Goyal A. K., Development and characterization of cefazolin loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles composite gelatin nanofiber mats for postoperative surgical wounds, Mater. Sci. Eng., 58, p. 242-253, 2016.
[9]. Kadam V., et al., Gelatin/β–Cyclodextrin Bio–Nanofibers as Respiratory Filter Media for Filtration of Aerosols and Volatile Organic Compounds at Low Air Resistance, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 123841, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123841, 2020.
[10]. Graur I., et al., Thermal analysis of ionic substances doped epoxy, Rev. Chim. (Bucharest), 66, no. 11, p. 1759-1762, 2015.
[11]. Muntenita C., et al., Specific heat of nano-ferrites modified composites, MATEC Web Conf., vol. 112, p. 04016, 2017.
[12]. Bunea M., et al., Thermomechanical and Electrical Properties of Fabric Reinforced Laminates with Filled Stratified Epoxy Matrix, Mat. Plast., 55, no.3, p. 269-273, 2018.
[13]. Doumeng M., et al., A comparative study of the crystallinity of Polyetheretherketone by using density, DSC, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy techniques. Polymer Testing, 106878. doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting, 2020.
[14]. Stefanescu V., et al., The Thermal Behavior of Hybrid Fabric Reinforced Composites with Stratified Filled Epoxy Matrix, Mat. Plast., 55, no. 2, p. 161-166, 2018.
[15]. Zhu J., Abeykoon C., Karim N., Investigation into the effects of fillers in polymer processing, International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, 4(3), p. 370-382, doi: 10.1016/j.ijlmm.2021.04.003, 2021.
[16]. Doumeng M., et al., A comparative study of the crystallinity of Polyetheretherketone by using density, DSC, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy techniques, Polymer Testing, 106878, doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020, 2020.
[17]. Natali M., et al., Thermal degradation of phenolics and their carbon fiber derived composites: A feasible protocol to assess the heat capacity as a function of temperature through the use of common DSC and TGA analysis, Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 195, 109793, ISSN 0141-3910, doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109793, 2022.
[18]. ***, http://www.polydis.ro/wpcontent/uploads/2014/08/Epiphen-4020.pdf.
[19]. Ong G., Kasi R., Subramaniam R., A review on plant extracts as natural additives in coating applications, Progress in Organic Coatings, 151, 106091, doi: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.1060, 2021.
[20]. Tamez M. B. A., Taha I., A review of additive manufacturing technologies and markets for thermosetting resins and their potential for carbon fiber integration, Additive Manufacturing, 37, 101748, doi: 10.1016/j.addma.2020.101748, 2021.
[2]. Xiang Zhen, et al., Demethylation, phenolation, and depolymerization of lignin for the synthesis of lignin-based epoxy resin via a one-pot strategy, Industrial Crops and Products, 173, 14135, ISSN 0926-6690, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114135, 2021.
[3]. Al Rashid, A., Ahmed, W., Khalid, M. Y., Koç, M., Vat photopolymerization of polymers and polymer composites: Processes and applications, Additive Manufacturing, 47, 102279, doi: 10.1016/j.addma.2021.102279, 2021.
[4]. Lamp A., Kaltschmitt M., Dethloff J., Options to Improve the Mechanical Properties of Protein Based Materials, Molecules, 27, 446, https://doi.org/ 10.3390/molecules27020446, 2022.
[5]. Thammahiwes S., Riyajan S.-A., Kaewtatip K., Preparation and properties of wheat gluten based bioplastics with fish scale, Journal of Cereal Science, 75, p. 186-191, doi:10.1016/j.jcs.2017.04.003, 2017.
[6]. Ranganathan S., Balagangadharan K., Selvamurugan N., Chitosan and gelatin-based electrospun fibers for bone tissue engineering, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 133, p. 354-364, doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.115, 2019.
[7]. Liu Y., et al., Modification and Crosslinking of Gelatin-Based Biomaterials as Tissue Adhesives, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.10.077, 2018.
[8]. Rath G., Hussain T., Chauhan G., Garg T., Goyal A. K., Development and characterization of cefazolin loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles composite gelatin nanofiber mats for postoperative surgical wounds, Mater. Sci. Eng., 58, p. 242-253, 2016.
[9]. Kadam V., et al., Gelatin/β–Cyclodextrin Bio–Nanofibers as Respiratory Filter Media for Filtration of Aerosols and Volatile Organic Compounds at Low Air Resistance, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 123841, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123841, 2020.
[10]. Graur I., et al., Thermal analysis of ionic substances doped epoxy, Rev. Chim. (Bucharest), 66, no. 11, p. 1759-1762, 2015.
[11]. Muntenita C., et al., Specific heat of nano-ferrites modified composites, MATEC Web Conf., vol. 112, p. 04016, 2017.
[12]. Bunea M., et al., Thermomechanical and Electrical Properties of Fabric Reinforced Laminates with Filled Stratified Epoxy Matrix, Mat. Plast., 55, no.3, p. 269-273, 2018.
[13]. Doumeng M., et al., A comparative study of the crystallinity of Polyetheretherketone by using density, DSC, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy techniques. Polymer Testing, 106878. doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting, 2020.
[14]. Stefanescu V., et al., The Thermal Behavior of Hybrid Fabric Reinforced Composites with Stratified Filled Epoxy Matrix, Mat. Plast., 55, no. 2, p. 161-166, 2018.
[15]. Zhu J., Abeykoon C., Karim N., Investigation into the effects of fillers in polymer processing, International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, 4(3), p. 370-382, doi: 10.1016/j.ijlmm.2021.04.003, 2021.
[16]. Doumeng M., et al., A comparative study of the crystallinity of Polyetheretherketone by using density, DSC, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy techniques, Polymer Testing, 106878, doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020, 2020.
[17]. Natali M., et al., Thermal degradation of phenolics and their carbon fiber derived composites: A feasible protocol to assess the heat capacity as a function of temperature through the use of common DSC and TGA analysis, Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 195, 109793, ISSN 0141-3910, doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109793, 2022.
[18]. ***, http://www.polydis.ro/wpcontent/uploads/2014/08/Epiphen-4020.pdf.
[19]. Ong G., Kasi R., Subramaniam R., A review on plant extracts as natural additives in coating applications, Progress in Organic Coatings, 151, 106091, doi: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.1060, 2021.
[20]. Tamez M. B. A., Taha I., A review of additive manufacturing technologies and markets for thermosetting resins and their potential for carbon fiber integration, Additive Manufacturing, 37, 101748, doi: 10.1016/j.addma.2020.101748, 2021.
Published
2022-03-15
How to Cite
1.
CHIHAI (PEȚU) R, SĂRACU G, UNGUREANU CV, BRIA V, CÎRCIUMARU A. Studies on Epoxy Resin Modified with Organic Agents. The Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati. Fascicle IX, Metallurgy and Materials Science [Internet]. 15Mar.2022 [cited 23Feb.2025];45(1):46-2. Available from: https://gup.ugal.ro/ugaljournals/index.php/mms/article/view/5188
Issue
Section
Articles
