Green extraction of bioactive components from Phoenix dactylifera (L.) seeds using NADES: applications in functional food ingredients

Adhitya Yudha Pradhana; Sedarnawati Yasni; Nugraha Edhi Suyatma; Sri Yuliani

doi:10.35219/foodtechnology.2025.1.12

Adhitya Yudha Pradhana Department of Food Science and Technology, IPB University, 16680 Bogor, Indonesia; Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Engineering and Modernization (IAAEM)-BRMP-Palm Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, 95001 Manado, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2426-4900
Sedarnawati Yasni Department of Food Science and Technology, IPB University, 16680 Bogor, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2668-161X
Nugraha Edhi Suyatma Department of Food Science and Technology, IPB University, 16680 Bogor, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8077-3297
Sri Yuliani Agro-Industry Research Center, Agricultural and Food Research Organization, National Research and Innovation Agency (NRIA)-BRIN, 16911 Cibinong, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5151-3840

DOI: https://doi.org/10.35219/foodtechnology.2025.1.12

Keywords: NADES, date seeds, modern-assisted extraction, functional food ingredients, green chemistry

Abstract

Date seeds, often considered agro-industrial waste, are a rich source of bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, mono-oligosaccharides, phytosterols, carotenoids, and polyphenols, all possessing significant functional properties. This review explores the extraction of these compounds using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES), a green, biodegradable, and cost-effective alternative to conventional solvents. The extraction efficiency is enhanced when NADES is combined with advanced techniques such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and heating-stirring-assisted extraction (HSAE). Optimal NADES formulations include choline chloride and lactic acid with UAE for polyphenols catechins, choline chloride and ethylene glycol with UAE for polysaccharides, menthol and eucalyptol with HSAE for phytosterols. Additionally, specific NADES combinations facilitate the extraction of carotenoids using Octanoic acid and L-proline with HSAE under controlled conditions. Extracts obtained using choline chloride and ethylene glycol with MAE exhibit promising applications in functional food systems, including food preservation. Notably, polyphenol-rich extracts have been shown to extend the shelf life of Oreochromis niloticus fillets stored at 4°C for up to 10 days. These findings underscore the potential of NADES-extracted date seed components as sustainable food ingredients, aligning with green chemistry principles and contemporary food technology trends.

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