Porosity Measurements and Analysis of Sintered and Thermochemical Heat Treated P/M Compacts
Keywords:
powder metallurgy, fluidized bed carburizing, porosity, image software analysis
Abstract
The objective of this paper was to examine the porosity in fluidized-bed carburizing on sintered alloys obtained by the powder metallurgy route using an image software analysis, and to compare the results with those obtained using the conventional porosity measuring technique. A material's porosity is a measurement of its vacancy percentage. The volume of empty space divided by the material's bulk volume, given as a percentage, determines the overall porosity of the material. The advancement of digital imaging and software has resulted in a novel and appropriate technique for figuring out the porosity of materials used in powder metallurgy.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
[1]. Jang G. B., Hur M. D., Kang S. S., A study on the development of a substitution process by powder metallurgy in automobile parts, J Mater Process Technol, p. 110-115, 2000.
[2]. Hamiuddin M., Correlation between mechanical properties and porosity of sintered iron and steels-a review, Powder Metall. Int. 18, p. 73-76, 1986.
[3]. Park J., Lee S., Kang S., Jeon J., Lee H., Kim H.–K., Choi H., Complex effects of alloy composition and porosity on the phase transformations and mechanical properties of powder metallurgy steels, Powder Technology, vol. 284, p. 459-466, 2015.
[4]. Lu Z., Wei D., Wei P., Liu H., Yan H., Yu S., Deng G., Contact fatigue performance and failure mechanisms of Fe-based small-module gears fabricated using powder metallurgy technique, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 26, p. 1412-1427, 2023.
[5]. Ehtemam-Haghighi S., Attar H., Ilya V. Okulov, Matthew S., Damon K., Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of bulk and porous low-cost Ti-Mo-Fe alloys produced by powder metallurgy, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 853, 2021.
[6]. Narasimhan K. S., Sintering of powder mixtures and the growth of ferrous powder metallurgy, Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 67, p. 56-65, 2001.
[7]. Dyachkova N. L., Feldshtein E., Microstructures, Strength Characteristics and Wear Behavior of the Fe-based P/M Composites after Sintering or Infiltration with Cu-Sn Alloy, Journal of Materials Science & Technology, vol. 31, issue 12, p. 1226-1231, 2015.
[8]. Haynes R., A study of effect of porosity content on ductility of sintered metals, Powder Metall, vol. 20, p. 17-20, 1997.
[9]. Benkai L., Ding W., Li M., Zhang X., Tool wear behavior of alumina abrasive wheels during grinding FGH96 powder metallurgy nickel-based superalloy, Procedia CIRP, vol. 101, p. 182-185, 2021.
[10]. Konstanty J. S., Applications of powder metallurgy to cutting tools, Woodhead Publishing Series in Metals and Surface Engineering, Advances in Powder Metallurgy, Woodhead Publishing, p. 555-585, 2013.
[11]. Bhadeshia H. K. D. H., Steels for bearings, Progress in Materials Science, vol. 57, issue 2, p. 268-435, 2012.
[12]. Kulkarni H., Dabhade V. V., Blais C., Analysis of machining green compacts of a sinter-hardenable powder metallurgy steel: A perspective of material removal mechanism, CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, vol.41, p. 430-445, 2023.
[13]. Piotrowski A., Biallas G., Influence of sintering temperature on pore morphology, Microstructure and Fatigue Behavior of Mo-Ni-Cu Alloyed Sintered Steel, Powder Metallurgy, vol. 41, no. 2, p. 109-114, 1998.
[14]. Djohari H., Martínez-Herrera J., Derby J., Transport mechanisms and densification during sintering: I. Viscous flow versus vacancy diffusion, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, MN55455-0132.
[15]. Chagnon F., Trudel Y., Effect of sintering parameters on mechanical properties of sinter hardened materials, Advances in P/M & Particulate Materials, NJ, vol. 2, p 14-97/14-106, 1997.
[16]. Maheswari N., Ghosh Chowdhury S., Hari Kumar K. C., Sankaran S., Influence of alloying elements on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties in quenched and partitioned steels, Materials Science and Engineering: A; 600, p. 12-20, 2014.
[17]. Wu M. W., Tsao L. C., Shu G. J., Lin B. H., The effects of alloying elements and microstructure on the impact toughness of powder metal steels, Materials Science and Engineering: vol. A 538, p. 135-144.
[18]. Trivedi S., Mehta Y., Chandra K., Mishra P. S., Effect of carbon on the mechanical properties of powder-processed Fe-0.45 wt.% P alloys, Indian Academy of Sciences, vol. 35, part 4, p. 481-492, 2010.
[19]. Angel W. D., Tellez L., Alcala J. F., Martinez E., Cedeno V. F., Effect of copper on the mechanical properties of alloys formed by powder metallurgy, Materials and Design, vol. 58, p. 12-18, 2014.
[20]. Marucci M. L., Hanejko F. G., Effect of copper alloy addition method on the dimensional response of sintered Fe-Cu-C steels, Advances in Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials, MPIF, p. 1-11, 2010.
[21]. Dong Y., Jun L., Wen J., Jie S., Kunyu Z., Effect of Cu addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of 15%Cr super martensitic stainless steel, Mater Des, vol. 41, p. 16-22, 2012.
[22]. Takaki S., Fujioka M., Aihara S., Nagataki Y., Yamashita Y., Sano N., Adachi Y., Nomura M., Yaguchi K., Effect of Copper on Tensile Properties and Grain-Refinement of Steel and its Relation to Precipitation Behavior, Mater Trans, vol. 45, p. 2239-2244, 2005.
[23]. Ramprabhu T., Sundar Sriram S., Boopathy K., Narasimhan K. S., Ramamurty U., Effect of copper addition on the fatigue life of low alloy C-Mo powder metallurgy steel, Metal Powder Report, vol. 66, issue 3, p. 28-34, 2011.
[24]. Yang X., Bai Y., Xu M., Guo S., Effect of Additive Cu-10Sn on Sintering Behavior and Wear Resistance of 316L Stainless Steel, Journal of Iron and Steel Research, International, vol. 20, issue 7, p. 84-88, 2013.
[25]. Chawla N., Babic D., Williams J. J., Polasik S. J., Effect of copper and nickel alloying additions on the tensile and fatigue behavior of sintered steels, Advances in powder metallurgy & particulate materials, part 5, 104, Princeton, NJ: MPIF, 2002.
[26]. Bernier F., Plamondon P., Bailon J. P., L.’Esperance G., Microstructural characterisation of nickel rich areas and their influence on endurance limit of sintered steel , Powder Metallurgy, vol. 54, issue 5, p. 559-565, 2011.
[27]. Sulowski M., Structure and mechanical properties of sintered Ni free structural parts, Powder Metallurgy, vol. 53, N. 2, p. 125-140, 2010.
[28]. Sanjay S. R., Milind M. S., Vikram V. D., Effect of molybdenum addition on the mechanical properties of sinter-forged Fe Cu C alloys, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 649, p. 988-995, 2015.
[29]. Li H., Cai Q., Li S., Xu H., Effects of Mo equivalent on the phase constituent, microstructure and compressive mechanical properties of Ti-Nb-Mo-Ta alloys prepared by powder metallurgy, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 16, p. 588-598,
2022.
[30]. Mansoorzadeh S., Ashrafizadeh F., The effect of thermochemical treatments on case properties and impact behaviour of Astaloy CrM, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 192, issues 2-3, p. 231-238, 2005.
[31]. Kazior J., Janczur C., Pieczonka T., Ploszczak J., Thermochemical treatment of Fe–Cr–Mo alloys, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 151-152, p. 333-337, 2002.
[32]. Radomyselsk I. D., Zhornyak A. F., Andreeva N. V., Negoda G. P., The pack carburizing of dense parts from iron powder, Powder metallurgy and metal ceramics, vol. 3, p. 204-211.
[33]. Askaria M., Khorsand H., Seyyed Aghamiric S. M., Influence of case hardening on wear resistance of a sintered low alloy steel, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 509, issue 24, p. 6800-6805, 2011.
[34]. Krauss G., Microstructure residual stress and fatigue of carburized steels, Proceedings of the Quenching and Carburizing, The Institute of Materials, p. 205-225, 1991.
[35]. Georgiev J., Pieczonka T., Stoytchev M., Teodosiev D., Wear resistance improvement of sintered structural parts by C7H7 surface carburizing, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 180-181, p. 90-96, 2004.
[36]. Sulowski M., How processing variables influence mechanical properties of PM Mn steels?, Powder Metallurgy Progress, vol.7, no. 2, 2007.
[37]. ***, Fiji software, https://fiji.sc/.
[38]. Marin M., Potecaşu F., Potecaşu O., Marin F. B., Image Analysis Software for Porosity Measurements in Some Powder Metallurgy Alloys, Advanced Materials Research, vol. 1143, p. 103-107, Trans Tech Publications, Ltd., 2017.
[39]. Dobrzanski L., Musztyfaga M., Actis Grande M., Rosso M., Computer aided determination of porosity in sintered steels, Archives of Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 38, no. 2., p. 103-11, 2009.
[40]. Dobrzanski L. A., Musztyfaga-Staszuk M., Luckos A., The comparison of computer methods for porosity evaluation in sintered constructional steels, Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, vol. 61, no. 2, p. 395-402, 2013.
[2]. Hamiuddin M., Correlation between mechanical properties and porosity of sintered iron and steels-a review, Powder Metall. Int. 18, p. 73-76, 1986.
[3]. Park J., Lee S., Kang S., Jeon J., Lee H., Kim H.–K., Choi H., Complex effects of alloy composition and porosity on the phase transformations and mechanical properties of powder metallurgy steels, Powder Technology, vol. 284, p. 459-466, 2015.
[4]. Lu Z., Wei D., Wei P., Liu H., Yan H., Yu S., Deng G., Contact fatigue performance and failure mechanisms of Fe-based small-module gears fabricated using powder metallurgy technique, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 26, p. 1412-1427, 2023.
[5]. Ehtemam-Haghighi S., Attar H., Ilya V. Okulov, Matthew S., Damon K., Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of bulk and porous low-cost Ti-Mo-Fe alloys produced by powder metallurgy, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 853, 2021.
[6]. Narasimhan K. S., Sintering of powder mixtures and the growth of ferrous powder metallurgy, Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 67, p. 56-65, 2001.
[7]. Dyachkova N. L., Feldshtein E., Microstructures, Strength Characteristics and Wear Behavior of the Fe-based P/M Composites after Sintering or Infiltration with Cu-Sn Alloy, Journal of Materials Science & Technology, vol. 31, issue 12, p. 1226-1231, 2015.
[8]. Haynes R., A study of effect of porosity content on ductility of sintered metals, Powder Metall, vol. 20, p. 17-20, 1997.
[9]. Benkai L., Ding W., Li M., Zhang X., Tool wear behavior of alumina abrasive wheels during grinding FGH96 powder metallurgy nickel-based superalloy, Procedia CIRP, vol. 101, p. 182-185, 2021.
[10]. Konstanty J. S., Applications of powder metallurgy to cutting tools, Woodhead Publishing Series in Metals and Surface Engineering, Advances in Powder Metallurgy, Woodhead Publishing, p. 555-585, 2013.
[11]. Bhadeshia H. K. D. H., Steels for bearings, Progress in Materials Science, vol. 57, issue 2, p. 268-435, 2012.
[12]. Kulkarni H., Dabhade V. V., Blais C., Analysis of machining green compacts of a sinter-hardenable powder metallurgy steel: A perspective of material removal mechanism, CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, vol.41, p. 430-445, 2023.
[13]. Piotrowski A., Biallas G., Influence of sintering temperature on pore morphology, Microstructure and Fatigue Behavior of Mo-Ni-Cu Alloyed Sintered Steel, Powder Metallurgy, vol. 41, no. 2, p. 109-114, 1998.
[14]. Djohari H., Martínez-Herrera J., Derby J., Transport mechanisms and densification during sintering: I. Viscous flow versus vacancy diffusion, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, MN55455-0132.
[15]. Chagnon F., Trudel Y., Effect of sintering parameters on mechanical properties of sinter hardened materials, Advances in P/M & Particulate Materials, NJ, vol. 2, p 14-97/14-106, 1997.
[16]. Maheswari N., Ghosh Chowdhury S., Hari Kumar K. C., Sankaran S., Influence of alloying elements on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties in quenched and partitioned steels, Materials Science and Engineering: A; 600, p. 12-20, 2014.
[17]. Wu M. W., Tsao L. C., Shu G. J., Lin B. H., The effects of alloying elements and microstructure on the impact toughness of powder metal steels, Materials Science and Engineering: vol. A 538, p. 135-144.
[18]. Trivedi S., Mehta Y., Chandra K., Mishra P. S., Effect of carbon on the mechanical properties of powder-processed Fe-0.45 wt.% P alloys, Indian Academy of Sciences, vol. 35, part 4, p. 481-492, 2010.
[19]. Angel W. D., Tellez L., Alcala J. F., Martinez E., Cedeno V. F., Effect of copper on the mechanical properties of alloys formed by powder metallurgy, Materials and Design, vol. 58, p. 12-18, 2014.
[20]. Marucci M. L., Hanejko F. G., Effect of copper alloy addition method on the dimensional response of sintered Fe-Cu-C steels, Advances in Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials, MPIF, p. 1-11, 2010.
[21]. Dong Y., Jun L., Wen J., Jie S., Kunyu Z., Effect of Cu addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of 15%Cr super martensitic stainless steel, Mater Des, vol. 41, p. 16-22, 2012.
[22]. Takaki S., Fujioka M., Aihara S., Nagataki Y., Yamashita Y., Sano N., Adachi Y., Nomura M., Yaguchi K., Effect of Copper on Tensile Properties and Grain-Refinement of Steel and its Relation to Precipitation Behavior, Mater Trans, vol. 45, p. 2239-2244, 2005.
[23]. Ramprabhu T., Sundar Sriram S., Boopathy K., Narasimhan K. S., Ramamurty U., Effect of copper addition on the fatigue life of low alloy C-Mo powder metallurgy steel, Metal Powder Report, vol. 66, issue 3, p. 28-34, 2011.
[24]. Yang X., Bai Y., Xu M., Guo S., Effect of Additive Cu-10Sn on Sintering Behavior and Wear Resistance of 316L Stainless Steel, Journal of Iron and Steel Research, International, vol. 20, issue 7, p. 84-88, 2013.
[25]. Chawla N., Babic D., Williams J. J., Polasik S. J., Effect of copper and nickel alloying additions on the tensile and fatigue behavior of sintered steels, Advances in powder metallurgy & particulate materials, part 5, 104, Princeton, NJ: MPIF, 2002.
[26]. Bernier F., Plamondon P., Bailon J. P., L.’Esperance G., Microstructural characterisation of nickel rich areas and their influence on endurance limit of sintered steel , Powder Metallurgy, vol. 54, issue 5, p. 559-565, 2011.
[27]. Sulowski M., Structure and mechanical properties of sintered Ni free structural parts, Powder Metallurgy, vol. 53, N. 2, p. 125-140, 2010.
[28]. Sanjay S. R., Milind M. S., Vikram V. D., Effect of molybdenum addition on the mechanical properties of sinter-forged Fe Cu C alloys, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 649, p. 988-995, 2015.
[29]. Li H., Cai Q., Li S., Xu H., Effects of Mo equivalent on the phase constituent, microstructure and compressive mechanical properties of Ti-Nb-Mo-Ta alloys prepared by powder metallurgy, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 16, p. 588-598,
2022.
[30]. Mansoorzadeh S., Ashrafizadeh F., The effect of thermochemical treatments on case properties and impact behaviour of Astaloy CrM, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 192, issues 2-3, p. 231-238, 2005.
[31]. Kazior J., Janczur C., Pieczonka T., Ploszczak J., Thermochemical treatment of Fe–Cr–Mo alloys, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 151-152, p. 333-337, 2002.
[32]. Radomyselsk I. D., Zhornyak A. F., Andreeva N. V., Negoda G. P., The pack carburizing of dense parts from iron powder, Powder metallurgy and metal ceramics, vol. 3, p. 204-211.
[33]. Askaria M., Khorsand H., Seyyed Aghamiric S. M., Influence of case hardening on wear resistance of a sintered low alloy steel, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 509, issue 24, p. 6800-6805, 2011.
[34]. Krauss G., Microstructure residual stress and fatigue of carburized steels, Proceedings of the Quenching and Carburizing, The Institute of Materials, p. 205-225, 1991.
[35]. Georgiev J., Pieczonka T., Stoytchev M., Teodosiev D., Wear resistance improvement of sintered structural parts by C7H7 surface carburizing, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 180-181, p. 90-96, 2004.
[36]. Sulowski M., How processing variables influence mechanical properties of PM Mn steels?, Powder Metallurgy Progress, vol.7, no. 2, 2007.
[37]. ***, Fiji software, https://fiji.sc/.
[38]. Marin M., Potecaşu F., Potecaşu O., Marin F. B., Image Analysis Software for Porosity Measurements in Some Powder Metallurgy Alloys, Advanced Materials Research, vol. 1143, p. 103-107, Trans Tech Publications, Ltd., 2017.
[39]. Dobrzanski L., Musztyfaga M., Actis Grande M., Rosso M., Computer aided determination of porosity in sintered steels, Archives of Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 38, no. 2., p. 103-11, 2009.
[40]. Dobrzanski L. A., Musztyfaga-Staszuk M., Luckos A., The comparison of computer methods for porosity evaluation in sintered constructional steels, Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, vol. 61, no. 2, p. 395-402, 2013.
Published
2023-12-15
How to Cite
1.
MARIN M, MARIN FB. Porosity Measurements and Analysis of Sintered and Thermochemical Heat Treated P/M Compacts. The Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati. Fascicle IX, Metallurgy and Materials Science [Internet]. 15Dec.2023 [cited 21Nov.2024];46(4):80-4. Available from: https://gup.ugal.ro/ugaljournals/index.php/mms/article/view/6506
Issue
Section
Articles
