An Intelligent System Based on Arduino for Blood Leakage Detection
Keywords:
blood leakage detection, Arduino, haemodialysis, chronic kidney disease, IoT
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health issue, requiring renal replacement therapies like haemodialysis for patient survival. However, the procedure carries risks, particularly blood leakage, which can lead to severe complications. This study presents the design and implementation of an intelligent system that continuously monitors blood leakage during haemodialysis using an Arduino Nano-based platform. The main components include: a photoelectric sensor, HC-05 Bluetooth module, and piezoelectric buzzer, all integrated to detect blood loss and trigger alarms. The photoelectric sensor identifies blood leakage by sensing interruptions in an infrared beam, with data transmitted wirelessly to a mobile application. When leakage is detected, visual and auditory alerts are generated, allowing for immediate intervention. This system highlights the potential for IoT-enabled medical monitoring to improve the quality of life for haemodialysis patients through real-time data transmission and remote supervision.
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References
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[12]. Abro A., et al., Chronic Kidney Disease: Epidemiology and Causes, In: Harber, M. (eds) Primer on Nephrology, Springer, Cham., 2022.
[12]. Flythe J. E., Dialysis-Past, Present, and Future: A Kidney360 Perspectives Series, Kidney360, 4 (5), p. 567-568, 2023.
[13]. Kovesdy C. P., Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update, Kidney Int Suppl (2011), 12 (1), p. 7-11, 2022.
[14]. Singh Ajit, Heldaus Jerome, Msaki Andrew, Hemodialysis Complications: A Clinical Insight, International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods., 11, p. 2455-6211, 10.56025/IJARESM.2023.11323640, 2023.
[15]. Saha M., Allon M., Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Hemodialysis Emergencies, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol., 12 (2), p. 357-369, 2017.
[16]. Abe H., Mafune Ki., Risk factors for maintenance hemodialysis patients undergoing elective and emergency abdominal surgery, Surg Today 44, p. 1906-1911, 2014.
[17]. Frank T. Padberg, Complications of arteriovenous hemodialysis access: Recognition and management, Journal of Vascular Surgery, vol. 48, issue 5, Supplement, p. S55-S80, 2008.
[18]. Koirala N., Anvari E., McLennan G., Monitoring and Surveillance of Hemodialysis Access, Semin Intervent Radiol, 33 (1), p. 25-30, 2016.
[19]. Keshaviah P. R., Shaldon S., Haemodialysis Monitors and Monitoring, in: Drukker, W., Parsons, F.M., Maher, J.F. (eds) Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis. Springer, Dordrecht, 1983.
[20]. Abel Mata-Lima, Ana Rita Paquete, José Javier Serrano-Olmedo, Remote patient monitoring and management in nephrology: A systematic review, Nefrología, vol. 44, issue 5, p. 639-667, 2024.
[21]. Ross Edward A., Jennifer L. Paugh-Miller, Robert W. Nappo, Interventions to improve hemodialysis adequacy: protocols based on real-time monitoring of dialysate solute clearance, Clinical Kidney Journal, 11, p. 394-399, 2017.
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[2]. Bello A. K., et al., Epidemiology of haemodialysis outcomes, Nat Rev Nephrol., 18 (6), p. 378-395, doi: 10.1038/s41581-022-00542-7, 2022.
[3]. Liew A., Perspectives in renal replacement therapy: Haemodialysis, Nephrology (Carlton), 23 Suppl 4, p. 95-99, doi: 10.1111/nep.13449, 2018.
[4]. Ifeoma I. Ulasi, et al., Chronic Kidney Disease Burden in Low-Resource Settings: Regional Perspectives, Seminars in Nephrology, vol. 42, issue 5, 151336, 2022.
[5]. Vadakedath S., Kandi V. Dialysis, A Review of the Mechanisms Underlying Complications in the Management of Chronic Renal Failure, Cureus, 23, 9 (8), 2017.
[6]. Karkar A., Modalities of hemodialysis: quality improvement, Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl., 23 (6), p. 1145-61, doi: 10.4103/1319-2442.103553. PMID: 23168842, 2012.
[7]. Kovesdy C. P., Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update, Kidney Int Suppl (2011), 12 (1), p. 7-11, 2022.
[8]. O'Toole J. F., Sedor J. R., Kidney disease: new technologies translate mechanisms to cure, J Clin Invest., 124 (6), p. 2294-2298, 2014.
[9]. Thajudeen B., Issa D., Roy-Chaudhury P., Advances in hemodialysis therapy, Fac Rev., 16, 12:12, 2023.
[10]. Vega-Vega, Olynka y Toro-Cisneros, Noemí del, Advances in Dialysis in the last Decade, Rev. invest. clín. [online]., vol. 75, n. 6, p. 273-273, 2023.
[11]. Power Albert, Duncan Neill, Goodlad C., Advances and innovations in dialysis in the 21st century, Postgraduate medical journal., 85, p. 102-107, 10.1136/pgmj.2008.071837, 2009.
[12]. Abro A., et al., Chronic Kidney Disease: Epidemiology and Causes, In: Harber, M. (eds) Primer on Nephrology, Springer, Cham., 2022.
[12]. Flythe J. E., Dialysis-Past, Present, and Future: A Kidney360 Perspectives Series, Kidney360, 4 (5), p. 567-568, 2023.
[13]. Kovesdy C. P., Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update, Kidney Int Suppl (2011), 12 (1), p. 7-11, 2022.
[14]. Singh Ajit, Heldaus Jerome, Msaki Andrew, Hemodialysis Complications: A Clinical Insight, International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods., 11, p. 2455-6211, 10.56025/IJARESM.2023.11323640, 2023.
[15]. Saha M., Allon M., Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Hemodialysis Emergencies, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol., 12 (2), p. 357-369, 2017.
[16]. Abe H., Mafune Ki., Risk factors for maintenance hemodialysis patients undergoing elective and emergency abdominal surgery, Surg Today 44, p. 1906-1911, 2014.
[17]. Frank T. Padberg, Complications of arteriovenous hemodialysis access: Recognition and management, Journal of Vascular Surgery, vol. 48, issue 5, Supplement, p. S55-S80, 2008.
[18]. Koirala N., Anvari E., McLennan G., Monitoring and Surveillance of Hemodialysis Access, Semin Intervent Radiol, 33 (1), p. 25-30, 2016.
[19]. Keshaviah P. R., Shaldon S., Haemodialysis Monitors and Monitoring, in: Drukker, W., Parsons, F.M., Maher, J.F. (eds) Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis. Springer, Dordrecht, 1983.
[20]. Abel Mata-Lima, Ana Rita Paquete, José Javier Serrano-Olmedo, Remote patient monitoring and management in nephrology: A systematic review, Nefrología, vol. 44, issue 5, p. 639-667, 2024.
[21]. Ross Edward A., Jennifer L. Paugh-Miller, Robert W. Nappo, Interventions to improve hemodialysis adequacy: protocols based on real-time monitoring of dialysate solute clearance, Clinical Kidney Journal, 11, p. 394-399, 2017.
[22]. Paniagua Ramón, et al., Utility of Remote Monitoring in Patients on Automated Peritoneal Dialysis, Revista de investigación clínica, 75 (6), p. 318-326, 2023.
[23]. Sandys V., Sexton D., O'Seaghdha C., Artificial intelligence and digital health for volume maintenance in hemodialysis patients, Hemodial Int., 26 (4), p. 480-495, 2022.
Published
2024-12-15
How to Cite
1.
MARIN M, ROŞU C, MARIN FB. An Intelligent System Based on Arduino for Blood Leakage Detection. The Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati. Fascicle IX, Metallurgy and Materials Science [Internet]. 15Dec.2024 [cited 26Apr.2025];47(4):66-2. Available from: https://gup.ugal.ro/ugaljournals/index.php/mms/article/view/7549
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